Eletrônica
Circuit analysis, RF/microwave, signal processing, embedded systems, and power electronics calculators.
Calculadora da Lei de Ohm
Apply Ohm's Law to find voltage, current, or resistance in a circuit. Enter any two values to solve for the third.
Calculadora de Resistor para LED
Calculate the correct current-limiting resistor for an LED circuit to prevent burnout.
Calculadora de Divisor de Tensão
Calculate the output voltage of a resistive voltage divider network given two resistor values and input voltage.
Calculadora de Divisor de Corrente
Calculate how current splits between two parallel branches using the current divider rule.
Calculadora de Circuito em Série
Calculate total resistance, current, and voltage drops in a series circuit with up to three resistors.
Calculadora de Circuito em Paralelo
Find the equivalent resistance of two resistors in parallel and the branch currents.
Calculadora de Ponte de Wheatstone
Analyze a Wheatstone bridge circuit to find the bridge voltage and determine balance condition.
Calculadora da Lei de Kirchhoff (Tensão)
Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law to verify that voltage drops around a loop sum to the source voltage.
Calculadora da Lei de Kirchhoff (Corrente)
Apply Kirchhoff's Current Law at a node to verify that currents in equal currents out.
Calculadora de Equivalente de Thévenin
Calculate the Thevenin equivalent voltage and resistance for a simple source-divider circuit.
Calculadora de Equivalente de Norton
Calculate Norton equivalent current and resistance from a simple source-resistor circuit.
Calculadora de Transferência Máxima de Potência
Find the load resistance for maximum power delivery and the maximum power from a Thevenin source.
Calculadora de Bitola de Fio
Estimate wire resistance based on AWG gauge, length, and copper resistivity.
Calculadora de Capacidade de Corrente do Fio
Estimate safe current-carrying capacity of copper wire based on AWG gauge.
Calculadora de Dimensionamento de Fusível
Determine the correct fuse rating based on operating current and safety margin.
Calculadora de Dissipação de Potência
Calculate power dissipated by a component from voltage and current.
Calculadora de Código de Cores de Resistor
Decode a 4-band resistor color code to find its resistance value.
Calculadora de Tolerância de Resistor
Calculate the actual resistance range given nominal value and tolerance percentage.
Calculadora de Código de Resistor SMD
Decode a 3-digit SMD resistor marking to find resistance.
Calculadora de Saída de Potenciômetro
Calculate the output voltage of a potentiometer at a given wiper position.
Calculadora de Carga do Capacitor
Calculate the charge stored in a capacitor given voltage and capacitance using Q = C x V.
Calculadora de Energia do Capacitor
Calculate the energy stored in a capacitor from capacitance and voltage.
Calculadora de Impedância do Capacitor
Calculate the AC impedance (reactance) of a capacitor at a given frequency.
Calculadora de Capacitores em Paralelo
Calculate the total capacitance of capacitors connected in parallel.
Calculadora de Capacitores em Série
Calculate the total capacitance of two capacitors connected in series.
Calculadora de Energia do Indutor
Calculate the energy stored in an inductor from inductance and current.
Calculadora de Impedância do Indutor
Calculate the AC impedance (reactance) of an inductor at a given frequency.
Calculadora de Indutores em Paralelo
Calculate total inductance of two inductors in parallel (no mutual coupling).
Calculadora de Indutores em Série
Calculate total inductance of inductors connected in series (no mutual coupling).
Calculadora de Ressonância LC
Calculate the resonant frequency of an LC circuit from inductance and capacitance.
Calculadora de Circuito RLC
Analyze a series RLC circuit: resonant frequency, impedance, and damping factor.
Calculadora de Frequência de Corte do Filtro RC
Calculate the -3 dB cutoff frequency of a simple RC low-pass or high-pass filter.
Calculadora de Frequência de Corte do Filtro RL
Calculate the -3 dB cutoff frequency of an RL filter.
Calculadora de Filtro Passa-Faixa
Calculate center frequency and bandwidth of a series RLC bandpass filter.
Calculadora de Filtro Notch
Calculate the notch (rejection) frequency of a parallel LC notch filter.
Calculadora de Tempo de Descarga do Capacitor
Calculate the RC time constant and time to discharge to a target voltage.
Calculadora de Constante de Tempo do Indutor
Calculate the RL time constant for an inductor-resistor circuit.
Calculadora de Fator de Qualidade
Calculate the quality factor (Q) of a series RLC resonant circuit.
Calculadora de Efeito Pelicular
Calculate the skin depth in a conductor at a given frequency, which determines effective current-carrying area at high frequencies.
Calculadora de Casamento de Impedância
Calculate L-network component values to match source impedance to load impedance.
Calculadora de Tensão Direta do Diodo
Estimate the voltage remaining after a diode drop in a circuit. Enter supply voltage, diode forward voltage, and load current.
Calculadora de Regulador Zener
Design a simple zener diode voltage regulator. Calculate the series resistor value and power ratings.
Calculadora de Polarização de Transistor
Calculate the base resistor for a BJT in common-emitter configuration to set a target collector current.
Calculadora de Potência do MOSFET
Calculate MOSFET conduction losses from on-resistance and drain current plus switching losses.
Calculadora de Ganho do Amplificador Operacional Inversor
Calculate voltage gain and output of an inverting op-amp configuration from feedback and input resistors.
Calculadora de Ganho do Amplificador Operacional Não Inversor
Calculate voltage gain and output of a non-inverting op-amp configuration.
Calculadora de Largura de Banda do Amplificador Operacional
Calculate closed-loop bandwidth of an op-amp circuit from its gain-bandwidth product and gain setting.
Calculadora de Amplificador Diferencial
Calculate the output of a single op-amp differential amplifier with matched resistor pairs.
Calculadora de Amplificador Somador
Calculate the output voltage of an inverting summing amplifier with up to three inputs.
Calculadora de Seguidor de Tensão
Analyze a voltage follower (unity-gain buffer) showing output voltage, input impedance boost, and current capability.
Calculadora de Histerese do Comparador
Calculate the upper and lower trip points for a comparator with positive feedback hysteresis.
Calculadora de Gatilho de Schmitt
Calculate the upper and lower switching thresholds of an inverting Schmitt trigger built with an op-amp.
Calculadora de Timer 555 Astável
Calculate frequency, period, and duty cycle for a 555 timer in astable (free-running) mode.
Calculadora de Timer 555 Monoestável
Calculate the output pulse width for a 555 timer in monostable (one-shot) mode.
Calculadora de Ciclo de Trabalho PWM
Calculate the average output voltage and power delivery of a PWM signal given duty cycle and amplitude.
Calculadora de Vida Útil da Bateria
Estimate how long a battery will last given its capacity and the load current draw.
Calculadora de Descarga da Bateria
Calculate the required discharge current to drain a battery in a specified time, and the energy delivered.
Calculadora de Dimensionamento de Painel Solar
Calculate the solar panel wattage needed to charge a battery or run a load given daily energy needs and sun hours.
Calculadora de Dimensionamento de Inversor
Calculate the inverter size needed for your AC loads, accounting for surge requirements and efficiency.
Calculadora de Aquecimento do Regulador de Tensão
Calculate power dissipated as heat by a linear voltage regulator and the resulting junction temperature.
Calculadora de Eficiência do Regulador Linear
Calculate the efficiency of a linear voltage regulator from input and output voltages.
Calculadora de Eficiência do Regulador Chaveado
Calculate the input power and current draw of a switching regulator given output requirements and efficiency.
Calculadora de Relação de Espiras do Transformador
Calculate transformer turns ratio, secondary voltage, and secondary current from primary specifications.
Calculadora de Ripple da Fonte de Alimentação
Calculate the output ripple voltage of a capacitor-filtered rectifier power supply.
Calculadora de Capacitor de Desacoplamento
Calculate the minimum decoupling capacitance needed to limit voltage droop during a transient current spike.
Calculadora de Resolução do ADC
Calculate the voltage resolution (LSB size) and dynamic range of an analog-to-digital converter.
Calculadora de Resolução do DAC
Calculate the output voltage step size and maximum output of a digital-to-analog converter.
Calculadora de Taxa de Amostragem de Nyquist
Calculate the minimum sampling rate needed to faithfully capture a signal using the Nyquist-Shannon theorem.
Calculadora de Taxa de Bits
Calculate the data bit rate for a digital signal from sampling rate, bit depth, and number of channels.
Calculadora de Taxa de Baud
Calculate the relationship between baud rate (symbol rate) and bit rate for digital communication links.
Calculadora de Largura de Trilha de PCB
Calculate the minimum PCB trace width for a given current using IPC-2221 guidelines.
Calculadora de Corrente em Via de PCB
Estimate the current carrying capacity of a PCB via based on its dimensions and allowed temperature rise.
Calculadora de Resistência Térmica
Calculate junction temperature through a chain of thermal resistances from junction to ambient.
Calculadora de Dimensionamento de Dissipador
Calculate the maximum allowed heat sink thermal resistance to keep a component within temperature limits.
Calculadora de Comprimento de Antena
Calculate the physical length of dipole and quarter-wave antennas for a given frequency.
Calculadora de Frequência e Comprimento de Onda
Convert between frequency and wavelength for electromagnetic waves in free space.
Calculadora de Impedância de Cabo Coaxial
Calculate the characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable from its dimensions and dielectric constant.
Calculadora de Linha de Transmissão
Calculate propagation delay and electrical length of a transmission line from physical length and velocity factor.
Calculadora de Potência RF em dBm
Convert between watts and dBm for RF power measurements, and calculate voltage into a given impedance.
Calculadora de Figura de Ruído
Calculate the cascaded noise figure of a receiver chain using the Friis formula.
Calculadora de Ganho de Antena
Calculate the gain of a parabolic dish antenna from its diameter and operating frequency using the standard aperture formula.
Calculadora de Perda no Espaço Livre
Calculate the signal attenuation over distance in free space using the Friis transmission equation.
Calculadora de Orçamento de Enlace
Calculate a radio link budget to determine whether a wireless link will close by summing gains and subtracting losses.
Calculadora de Figura de Ruído em Cascata
Calculate the overall noise figure of a cascaded receiver chain using the Friis noise formula with up to three stages.
Skin Depth Calculator
Calculate the skin depth (penetration depth) of electromagnetic waves in a conductor at a given frequency.
Impedance Matching Calculator
Design an L-network impedance matching circuit to transform one impedance to another at a given frequency.
VSWR Calculator
Calculate the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio from load and characteristic impedance, or from reflection coefficient.
Return Loss Calculator
Calculate return loss in dB from VSWR or reflection coefficient, and convert between mismatch metrics.
S-Parameter Conversion Calculator
Convert S-parameter magnitudes between linear and dB, and calculate derived metrics like insertion loss and isolation.
Transmission Line Impedance Calculator
Calculate the characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable from its physical dimensions and dielectric constant.
Nyquist Frequency Calculator
Calculate the Nyquist frequency (maximum signal frequency that can be represented) from the sampling rate.
Sampling Rate Calculator
Calculate the minimum sampling rate needed to capture a signal without aliasing, with optional oversampling ratio.
Aliasing Frequency Calculator
Calculate the apparent (aliased) frequency when a signal above the Nyquist limit is sampled.
FFT Resolution Calculator
Calculate the frequency resolution, number of bins, and maximum frequency of a Fast Fourier Transform.
Window Function Bandwidth Calculator
Compare the equivalent noise bandwidth and main lobe width for common window functions used in spectral analysis.
SNR Calculator
Calculate the signal-to-noise ratio in decibels from signal and noise power or voltage levels.
Total Harmonic Distortion Calculator
Calculate THD from the amplitudes of harmonic components relative to the fundamental frequency.
Dynamic Range Calculator
Calculate the dynamic range of a system from its maximum signal level and noise floor.
Quantization Noise Calculator
Calculate the theoretical SNR and noise level introduced by analog-to-digital quantization.
DAC Resolution Calculator
Calculate the voltage resolution, step size, and output range of a digital-to-analog converter.
Clock Frequency Calculator
Calculate clock period, instruction throughput, and timer settings from an oscillator or PLL frequency.
Duty Cycle Calculator
Calculate the duty cycle of a periodic signal from its on-time and period, or frequency and pulse width.
PWM Voltage Calculator
Calculate the average (DC equivalent) voltage output from a PWM signal based on duty cycle and peak voltage.
ADC Resolution Calculator
Calculate the voltage resolution, step size, and digital output code of an analog-to-digital converter.
SPI Data Rate Calculator
Calculate SPI bus data throughput from clock speed and transfer parameters.
I2C Pull-Up Resistor Calculator
Calculate the optimal pull-up resistor value for I2C bus lines based on bus capacitance and supply voltage.
UART Baud Rate Calculator
Calculate UART bit timing, actual baud rate from divider settings, and baud rate error.
Memory Address Space Calculator
Calculate the total addressable memory from the number of address lines and data bus width.
Stack Size Calculator
Estimate the required stack size for an embedded application based on call depth, local variables, and interrupt overhead.
Interrupt Latency Calculator
Calculate the total interrupt response latency from detection to start of ISR execution.
Transformer Turns Ratio Calculator
Calculate transformer turns ratio, secondary voltage, and current from primary and secondary winding parameters.
Three-Phase Power Calculator
Calculate real, reactive, and apparent power in a balanced three-phase AC system.
Power Factor Correction Calculator
Calculate the capacitor bank size needed to improve power factor to a target value, reducing reactive power charges.
Motor Starting Current Calculator
Calculate the inrush (starting) current of an electric motor from its nameplate data and starting method.
Cable Ampacity Calculator
Estimate the current-carrying capacity (ampacity) of a copper conductor based on cross-section area and installation method.
Short Circuit Current Calculator
Estimate the prospective short-circuit current at a point in the electrical system from transformer and cable impedance.
Ground Fault Current Calculator
Estimate ground fault current magnitude from system voltage and ground path impedance.
Harmonic Filter Calculator
Calculate the tuning capacitor and inductor values for a single-tuned passive harmonic filter.
Surge Protection Calculator
Calculate the energy absorption requirements and clamping voltage for surge protection devices (SPDs).
UPS Battery Sizing Calculator
Calculate the battery capacity needed for an uninterruptible power supply to support a load for a specified runtime.