स्किन डेप्थ कैलकुलेटर — सूत्र

## How Free Space Path Loss Works

FSPL is the loss in signal strength as a radio wave spreads out over distance, assuming no obstacles.

### Formula

**FSPL (dB) = 20 x log10(d_km) + 20 x log10(f_MHz) + 32.44**

This comes from the Friis equation: FSPL = (4 x pi x d / lambda)^2, converted to decibels.

### Key Points
- Doubling the distance adds 6 dB of loss
- Doubling the frequency adds 6 dB of loss
- This is the absolute minimum loss; real-world losses are higher due to obstacles, rain, and atmospheric absorption