लाइनवीवर-बर्क कैलकुलेटर — सूत्र
## Peak Asymmetry and Tailing Factor
Peak shape is a critical quality attribute in chromatography. Asymmetric peaks indicate column problems or unwanted secondary interactions.
### Formulas
**Asymmetry Factor: As = B / A** (measured at 10% height)
**USP Tailing Factor: Tf = (A + B) / (2A)** (measured at 5% height, but often approximated at 10%)
- As = 1: perfectly symmetric
- As > 1: tailing (common with silanol interactions)
- As < 1: fronting (often from column overload)
Peak shape is a critical quality attribute in chromatography. Asymmetric peaks indicate column problems or unwanted secondary interactions.
### Formulas
**Asymmetry Factor: As = B / A** (measured at 10% height)
**USP Tailing Factor: Tf = (A + B) / (2A)** (measured at 5% height, but often approximated at 10%)
- As = 1: perfectly symmetric
- As > 1: tailing (common with silanol interactions)
- As < 1: fronting (often from column overload)
हल किया गया उदाहरण
A peak with front half-width A = 5 mm and back half-width B = 6 mm at 10% height.
- As = 6 / 5 = 1.200
- Tf = (5 + 6) / (2 × 5) = 11 / 10 = 1.100
- Slight tailing (acceptable; As < 1.5 is typically OK)