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## How Per-Pupil Spending is Calculated

Per-pupil expenditure (PPE) is a key metric for comparing educational investment across schools and districts.

### Formula

**PPE = Total Budget / Total Enrollment**

**Instructional PPE = Budget x Instructional % / Enrollment**

### Context
- U.S. national average: approximately $14,000 per pupil
- Range varies enormously: from under $8,000 to over $25,000 per pupil
- Higher spending does not always mean better outcomes, but chronic underfunding correlates with lower achievement.

Exemplo Resolvido

A school with an $8M budget, 600 students, and 65% instructional spending.

  1. Per-pupil: $8,000,000 / 600 = $13,333
  2. Instructional: $8,000,000 x 0.65 / 600 = $8,667
  3. Non-instructional: $8,000,000 x 0.35 / 600 = $4,667